Stem Cells in Ophthalmology Update 16: Results of First Embryonic Stem Cells in Treatment of Eye Disease Reported in Peer-Reviewed Journal

Two significant events were reported today by Advanced Cell Technology. First, the company said that a peer-reviewed publication of clinical results from its first patients treated at UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute had been placed online by the UK’s The Lancet. The study reported on the four-month results of a safety study initiated in human patients last July. In that study, one eye of a patient with Stargardt’s macular dystrophy (SMD), and another with the dry form of AMD were given doses of human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells.

The second event was the announcement that the first patient had been treated with stem cells in the UK arm of the Stargardt’s study, at Moorfields Eye Hospital last Friday. (See Update 10 for more information.)

As reported in The Lancet article, Embryonic Stem Cell Trials for Macular Degeneration: A Preliminary Report, in addition to showing no adverse safety issues, structural evidence confirmed that the hESC-derived cells survived and continued to persist during the study period reported. Both patients had measurable improvements in their vision that persisted for more than four months.

As noted by the lead author (Dr. Steven Schwartz), in his findings: “Controlled hESC differentiation resulted in greater than 99% pure RPE. The cells displayed typical RPE behavior and integrated into the host RPE layer forming mature quiescent monolayers after transplantation in animals. The stage of differentiation substantially affected attachment and survival of the cells in vitro after clinical formulation. Lightly pigmented cells attached and spread in a substantially greater proportion (>90%) than more darkly pigmented cells after culture. After surgery, structural evidence confirmed cells had attached and continued to persist during our study. We did not identify signs of hyperproliferation, abnormal growth, or immune mediated transplant rejection in either patient during the first 4 months. Although there is little agreement between investigators on visual endpoints in patients with low vision, it is encouraging that during the observation period neither patient lost vision. Best corrected visual acuity improved from hand motions to 20/800 (and improved from 0 to 5 letters on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study [ETDRS] visual acuity chart) in the study eye of the patient with Stargardt’s macular dystrophy, and vision also seemed to improve in the patient with dry age-related macular degeneration (from 21 ETDRS letters to 28).”

At four months following treatment, no hyperproliferation, tumorigenicity, ectopic tissue formation, or apparent rejection were observed in either patient at any time. Detailed clinical and diagnostic laboratory assessments were performed at multiple post-transplantation evaluations. Abnormal growth (or tumor formation) would be considered a significant safety concern for stem-cell based therapies, in particular those derived from hESCs due to their pluripotency; it is therefore critical to control the differentiation of hESCs. Results reported indicate that stem cell differentiation was well controlled in these patients. No adverse safety signals were detected.

Anatomic evidence of successful stem cell derived RPE transplantation was observed clinically and with high resolution imaging technology in the patient with SMD. This evidence included increasing pigmentation at the level of RPE, within the area of the transplant, beginning one week after transplantation and throughout the follow-up period. Transplanted stem cell derived RPE appeared to engraft in the proper location and assume normal RPE morphology. Engraftment and increasing pigmentation were not detected in the dry AMD patient. However, both patients showed some visual improvement at the four month follow-up period. (Emphasis added by editor.)

Measuring visual improvement in patients with very low vision is difficult, and no regulatory consensus exists regarding on how best to measure visual changes in these patients. As reported in The Lancet, the visual acuity of the Stargardt's patient improved from hand motions only to 20/800 vision. Before treatment, the patient was unable to read any letter on the ETDRS visual acuity chart. However, by two weeks post-transplantation, she was able to start reading letters, which improved to five letters at one to three months in the treated eye.

"It has been over a decade since the discovery of human embryonic stem cells," said Robert Lanza, M.D., chief scientific officer of ACT, and co-senior author of the paper. "This is the first report of hESC-derived cells transplanted into patients, and the safety and engraftment data to date look very encouraging. Although several new drugs are available for the treatment of the wet type of AMD, no proven treatments currently exist for either dry AMD or Stargardt's disease. Despite the progressive nature of these conditions, the vision of both patients appears to have improved after transplantation of the cells, even at the lowest dosage. This is particularly important, since the ultimate goal of this therapy will be to treat patients earlier in the course of the disease where more significant results might potentially be expected. We would like to thank the patients for their willingness to participate in these safety studies. It has provided the scientific community with important data and experience that will help advance efforts in the regenerative medicine field."

Human embryonic stem cells can provide a superior source of replacement tissue by producing an unlimited number of healthy "young" cells with potentially reduced immunogenicity. The eye is an immune privileged site due to the protection of the subretinal space by a blood-ocular barrier, and as a result only low and transient doses of immunosuppression were used. No signs of rejection or inflammation were observed in either patient, and doctors will continue to monitor both patients.

"We are extremely pleased with these first clinical results from our ongoing studies to determine the safety and tolerability of subretinal transplantation of hESC-derived RPE cells," said Gary Rabin, chairman and CEO of ACT. "This represents an important milestone not only for ACT and UCLA"s Jules Stein Eye Institute but also for the field of regenerative medicine. The publication of these data in The Lancet demonstrates their quality and importance. We would like to thank the team, patients and principal investigator for their contributions to this study which have resulted in this outstanding publication. The data underscore the potential of stem cell therapies and regenerative medicine to realize the possibility repairing or replacing tissues damaged from disease. We are looking forward to the continuation of our clinical programs and the generation of additional data."

The hESC-derived RPE cells underwent extensive safety studies prior to transplantation. The cells were confirmed to be free of animal and human pathogens, and a high sensitivity assay was performed to rule out the presence of any undifferentiated hESCs in the final product, a risk factor for tumor formation. Controlled hESC differentiation resulted in near-100 percent pure RPE. A central feature of hESCs is that the stage of in vitro differentiation can be controlled to maximize survival and functionality. The data here show that the extent of RPE maturity and pigmentation may dramatically impact subsequent attachment and growth of the cells after transplantation.

"It is an honor to initiate the translational research process as we begin to take stem cell biology out of the laboratory and into the operating room," said Steven Schwartz, M.D., Ahmanson Professor of Ophthalmology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and retina division chief at UCLA's Jules Stein Eye Institute, principal investigator of the study and author of the publication. "The scientific and regulatory teams, as well as the leadership at ACT have been exemplary. Recognizing that we are reporting positive preliminary safety data, and a functional signal that there may be a biological benefit to patients in terms of visual increase, makes this is an exciting time for ophthalmology and regenerative medicine."

Both trials are prospective, open-label studies designed to determine the safety and tolerability of hESC-derived RPE cells following sub-retinal transplantation into patients with SMD and dry AMD at 12 months, the studies' primary endpoint. Each trial will enroll 12 patients each, with cohorts of three patients each in an ascending dosage format. Both the SMD and dry AMD patient had subretinal transplantation of the smallest dose (50,000 cells) of fully-differentiated RPE cells derived from hESCs.

The paper's other authors are Jean-Pierre Hubschman, Gad Heilwell, Valentina Franco-Cardenas, Carolyn K. Pan, and Rosaleen M Ostrick at UCLA and the Jules Stein Institute; and Edmund Mickunas, Roger Gay, and Irina Klimanskaya at ACT.

Editor’s Note: It should be noted that the smallest dosage allowed was used in these first patients in a safety study, in severely affected patients. Although some vision improvement was noted, it should be expected that higher doses, and in less-affected patients, might provide even better outcomes. Time will tell.